![]() ![]() Usually, the synthesis of different proteins is controlled transcriptionally, that is, through regulating the synthesis of mRNA. Thus, for example, the enzymes involved in lactose digestion are made only when lactose is present in the environment. The conflict between these two demands is resolved by the bacterial genome's ability to synthesize the enzymes needed for digestion of sugars only when needed. On the other hand, making enzymes requires a large amount of energy. Its survival and replication would be favored by being able to use a variety of sugars to produce energy. Consider an Escherichia coli bacterium in its natural environment, the human gut. The central dogma allows the controlled expression of genetic information. Replication, transcription, and translation all involve base‐pairing at several levels. For example, mRNA is complementary to one strand of DNA, and the anticodon of tRNA is complementary to the codon in mRNA. In the case of nucleic acids, complementarity generally involves base pairing. Complementarity is sometimes defined as selective stickiness. Oxidative Phosphorylation: Energy YieldsĪll the interactions between nucleic acid molecules that help express genetic information involve base‐pairing between complementary sequences.Metabolism: A Collection of Linked Oxidation and Reduction Processes.Biosynthetic versus Catabolic Reactions. ![]() ![]() Chemical Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis.Physiological Conditions and Hemoglobin.Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin and Hemoglobin.Overview of Biological Information Flow.Water: Properties and Biomolecular Structure.United Strength of Biochemical Structures.Electrostatic and van der Waals Interactions. ![]()
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